How To Get A Felony Expunged In California

How do you expunge a felony in California? We’ll break down the step-by-step process below

Before you begin the dismissal process for your case, you should understand what expungement means, how it benefits you and the limitations that apply.

What does expungement mean?

California law provides a legal process to remove or reduce a person’s criminal convictions for certain offenses. According to Penal Code 1203.4, this process removes “all penalties and disabilities” associated with the conviction.

Under Penal Code 1203.4 PC, people with convictions for certain felonies or misdemeanors, and who meet additional sentencing and/or probation requirements (described later on this page) may be able to have their convictions expunged. If your petition is successful, the Court will re-open your case and set aside your guilty plea (or a jury’s guilty verdict) and dismiss the State’s case against you.  

Expungement does not completely remove all traces of the conviction from your criminal record. Instead, it alters your record to show that the Court dismissed the criminal complaint “in the interests of justice.”

What are the benefits of expungement?

With a dismissal, you do not have to disclose your conviction when applying for a job or housing. California law prohibits private employers from discriminating against employees or prospective employees who have their convictions expunged. 

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Drew, CA

A dismissal can also help you if you apply for employment with a governmental agency or department. State law also requires public-sector employers to treat you as though your conviction never occurred. 

Having a clean criminal history may also help you secure professional licensure or other employment-related credentials. 

Finally, for non-citizens, a clean criminal record may help you avoid deportation, or other immigration consequences that may arise from a criminal conviction.

If you are considering applying for an expungement of an existing conviction, contact an experienced criminal defense attorney for assistance. You can also review the laws and rules regarding expungement by reading Penal Code 1203.4 or the California Code of Regulations 11017.1.

What are the limitations of expungement?

A successful petition for expungement doesn’t mean that all traces of your criminal history disappear from your record. Many of your civil rights will remain affected. 

For example, expungement does not restore your right to own or possess a firearm. For the purposes of firearm possession, the restrictions of the State’s “felon with a firearm” law (Penal Code 29800 PC) will still apply to you. 

Further, expungement will not return your unrestricted driving privileges, if those restrictions were part of your sentence. Other sanctions, like not being able to hold public office, or having to register as a sex offender will remain firmly in place. 

Additionally, the Court can still consider your entire criminal history when sentencing you for future crimes. In the case of the State’s “Three Strikes Law” an expunged felony conviction could still count as a “strike” against you. 

State law does provide some other remedies to resolve some of these issues. For example, a certificate of rehabilitation, a Governor’s pardon or a petition to reduce a felony to a misdemeanor may restore certain rights, including firearm possession. These alternatives are discussed in more detail later in this piece.

Know your case

Penal Code 1203.4 has some very specific exclusions that limit a person’s ability to take advantage of this process.  More than anything else, the exact circumstances of your case will determine whether or not you can seek expungement. Before you attempt this process, it helps to know the details of your case. You can begin to see whether or not expungement may work for you.  Not everyone is a legal expert, so your attorney can help you determine whether you can seek to have the Court reconsider your case.

Step 1. Get copies of your criminal records

At the time of your conviction, you received papers that included all of the relevant information about your case. 

Your attorney, parole officer, probation officer and even the Superior Court that convicted you can help you obtain copies of your records. In addition, you can receive copies of your criminal records through the State Attorney General’s Office or the California State Department of Justice Criminal Record Review Unit. 

Not all criminal records are free. For example, The California State Department of Justice Criminal Record Review Unit charges a $25 fee, but if you have a limited income and can provide proof, the Department may grant a waiver. The process of obtaining your records isn’t immediate, either. It may take several weeks for the various agencies to mail paper copies of your records to you.

Step 2: Determine your eligibility for expungement

If you meet all of the following criteria, you are likely to be eligible to ask the Court to expunge your record:

  1. You have a felony or misdemeanor conviction
  2. You are not currently facing any new criminal charges
  3. You are not actively serving a sentence for a criminal conviction
  4. You did NOT serve your sentence in a California state prison
  5. You have successfully completed your probation or obtained an early probation termination
  6. You do not have any unpaid, court-ordered fines
  7. You have completed all elements of your sentence, including community service, restitution, classwork or other programs
  8. You were charged and convicted in a California Superior Court (not a federal court)
  9. It has been at least one year since your conviction, if you did not receive probation

If you don’t meet one or more of the criteria listed above, the Court still has some discretion to expunge your record, if:

  1. You did not fulfill all of the probation requirements, but you have:
    1. Paid all restitution
    2. Are not currently charged with another offense
    3. Are not serving a sentence with another offense
  2. You were convicted of a misdemeanor for solicitation/prostitution and you:
    1. Have successfully completed probation, or
    2. Can show that your action was the result of human trafficking in which you were the victim
  3. If you were convicted of a felony, you:
    1. Were sentenced to serve your time in a County Jail, and
    2. You completed your sentence at least two years ago.
  4. You served in a branch of the United States armed forces and suffered mental health or other trauma/injury-related problems that resulted from your service

To be expunged, a felony conviction must first be reduced to a misdemeanor.  Not all felony offenses qualify for expungement. Actions that could have been charged as either a felony or a misdemeanor – sometimes called “wobblers” – qualify for expungement. 

You are NOT likely to be eligible to have your conviction expunged if any of the following conditions apply to you.

  1. You were convicted in federal court
  2. You served your time in a California state prison
  3. You are still on probation or cannot have your probation terminated early
  4. You are currently charged with, serving time for, or on probation for another criminal offense
  5. Your conviction includes certain sexual offenses that involved child victims

Other convictions under specific sections of the Penal Code may also affect your eligibility to seek expungement. If you are not certain whether you do or do not qualify, consult with an experienced criminal defense attorney about the specifics of your case. 

Step 3: All of your convictions are important. Know the details of each one

If you have multiple criminal convictions, collect the details listed below for each one.

  1. Case (docket) number
  2. Whether there was a verdict
  3. Whether you pleaded guilty or no contest
  4. The sentencing details
    1. Were you sentenced to serve time?
    2. Which jail or prison did you serve time in?
    3. What was the date of your release?
    4. Were you released on parole? If so,
    5. When was your parole complete? 

Step 4: Know Your Probation Status

If you were never on probation, or have successfully completed your probation, you are probably qualified for expungement.

If you are still on probation, you cannot apply for expungement until your probation is terminated. Only a Court can terminate your probation, and the Court will only consider this step if you file a petition asking to end your probation early.  The decision to terminate your probation is entirely up to the Court. When you petition the Court to terminate your probation, the Court will schedule a hearing to consider the following:

  • Your conviction
  • The seriousness of the crime you committed
  • Your overall criminal history
  • Your employability if your probation is terminated
  • Why you may deserve to have your probation terminated
  • Your behavior while on probation
  • The people who rely on you for support
  • Your ties to the community
  • Any volunteer work you have done while on probation

Violating the terms of your probation does not automatically exclude you from consideration for early termination. You may still petition the Court for consideration and you can still receive a hearing to evaluate your probation status. 

The filing process

Now that you understand the benefits, eligibility requirements and limits of expungement, you can take the next step toward petitioning the Court to consider your expungement request.

Step 1: Get an experienced attorney

People who choose to have an attorney represent them in Court have a much higher chance of succeeding in getting their convictions expunged.  Further, a highly qualified attorney can help you complete all of the necessary steps and forms in the application process. 

Step 2: Get and complete the necessary forms

If you want to have a misdemeanor conviction expunged and you have successfully completed your probation, you will need to complete and file a Petition to Dismiss a Misdemeanor PC 1203.4. Your local courthouse may already have a form available for this. If no form is available, you can write your own petition with the help of an attorney. You will need to submit separate petitions for each conviction you want the Court to consider for dismissal.

If you want to have a felony conviction expunged, you must first ask the Court to reduce your felony conviction to a misdemeanor. Felony charges that are eligible for this treatment are those that the Prosecutor could have charged as a misdemeanor but did not. The Court usually grants this type of petition. Once your charge has been reduced to a misdemeanor, then you can proceed with your Petition to Dismiss a Misdemeanor PC 1203.4.

You can petition the Court to reduce other felony convictions, using PC § 17(b)(3). Your local courthouse will likely have a form available. If not, you and your attorney can draft your own petition. If the Court grants your petition to reduce your conviction to a misdemeanor, then you can proceed with your Petition to Dismiss a Misdemeanor PC 1203.4.

If you have not yet completed your probation, you must first persuade the Court to terminate your probation. You do this by filing a Motion to Terminate Probation. If the Court denies your Motion to Terminate Probation, you can file a Petition for Dismissal. Your attorney can help you either fill out the form or write a motion to file in Court. 

You can include documentation to your petitions when you submit them to the Court. This could include character references, proof that you completed the terms of your sentence or records of volunteer work. This kind of documentation can help persuade the Court to grant your motion.

Step 3: File for expungement

Once your paperwork is complete, you can file your petition and documentation with the courthouse at which you were convicted. The Court will hear your case in the order in which it receives your completed paperwork. Typically, the process to consider your motion will take 4-5 months. 

If you need to file a petition to terminate your probation, or to reduce a felony to a misdemeanor, you will need to mail your petition to the Clerk of the Court or deliver your petition in person. Some counties require you to serve your petition to either the District Attorney or the Probation Department. 

You must also pay a filing fee when you submit your petition. The filing fees vary by county, and may also differ based on whether the conviction is a felony or misdemeanor. The County Court’s website will have a fee schedule posted.  If you cannot pay the fee, the County can make financial assistance available to you. 

The Court will set a date when it receives your completed petition.

Step 4: Prepare for your hearing by meeting with your attorney

You may or may not need to be present in Court for your expungement hearing. Your attorney can help you prepare and let you know whether you’ll need to appear in Court.

If you need to be present, note that the District Attorney’s Office can raise objections to your petition. You’ll need to be prepared to defend your request. Evidence that supports your request and prepared statements can help you persuade the Court to grant your petition. You’ll want to bring copies of your evidence and any statements you make to Court with you.

Step 5: Your court hearing

Only the judge will consider your petition. Juries do not decide expungement cases.

Expungement hearings are typically short, only about 10 minutes.  It’s important to be on time for your hearing and to behave appropriately in court. During the hearing, the judge will consider:

  • The charges against you
  • The status of your parole
  • Your history of additional convictions
  • Your ability to work and keep a job
  • Your community service
  • Your other ties to the community

Step 6: What happens next

If the Court grants your petition:

The California Superior Court Judge who signed your expungement order will send you a copy of the dismissal of your case.

Your court record is still visible unless you request that the Court seal your record.

If you receive a signed order from the judge, you no longer have to answer “yes” to questions regarding criminal records or felony convictions. Exceptions to this include running for public office, applying for a state licenses, or taking a job with the California Lottery Commission. In those cases, you must still disclose your conviction history.

If the Court denies your petition:

You may ask the judge to explain why your petition was denied, and what you can do to have your petition accepted. You may refile a petition six months after your previous petition was denied, provided that you have made the necessary or recommended changes.  If the Court denied your petition because the judge found that you are not eligible to have your record expunged, you may still have a few options to mitigate the impact of a criminal conviction.

What you can do when you can’t expunge your record

If you can’t have your record expunged, you may still be eligible to take the following steps:

Option 1: Seal or destroy your records

You may be able to have the records of your case sealed and/or destroyed, if:

  1. You were wrongly arrested but not convicted of a crime
  2. You were arrested but never charged
  3. Your case was dismissed in Court
  4. You were acquitted by a jury

You can also seek to seal records from a Juvenile Court case if:

  1. Your case is at least five years old
  2. You have not been convicted of any “moral turpitude” cases as an adult
  3. There is no pending civil litigation against you arising from your case

Having your records sealed or destroyed eliminates police reports, arrest records and other documentation that describes your case. To have your records sealed or destroyed, you must get a Certificate of Factual Innocence. Typically, you will encounter resistance to a petition to seal or destroy records. If this option is open to you, you should strongly consider exercising it only with the assistance of an experienced attorney.

Option 2: Obtain a Certificate of Rehabilitation

A Certificate of Rehabilitation is a form of direct pardon.

Unlike an expungement, a direct pardon can restore your civil rights. A Certificate of Rehabilitation may be granted 7 years after you complete probation or parole. This is three years sooner than you can seek a direct pardon. The Governor issues direct pardons, but a Superior Court issues Certificates of Rehabilitation.

A Certificate of Rehabilitation does not seal or destroy your records, and it does not change the status of your conviction. You will still have to answer “yes” when asked about criminal convictions. 

On the other hand, a Certificate of Rehabilitation may allow you to:

  • Serve on a jury
  • Vote
  • Own or possess a firearm

If you have been convicted of certain sexual offenses, a Certificate of Rehabilitation may allow you to eliminate the requirement that you register as a sex offender. 

You must meet the following criteria to be considered for a Certificate of Rehabilitation:

  1. You have been convicted of a felony and served time in a California state prison, or you have been convicted of a felony or a misdemeanor violation of a sex offense outlined in Penal Code section 290 which has been dismissed AND you have not been incarcerated following the dismissal
  2. You have been a California resident for at least 5 years

You cannot receive a Certificate of Rehabilitation if:

  1. You received a death sentence
  2. You are on mandatory life parole
  3. You are serving in the military

Option 3: Seek a direct pardon from the governor

A direct pardon eliminates the penalties associated with your conviction and restores certain rights. You will receive the same benefits from a direct pardon from the Governor that you would receive if you obtained a Certificate of Rehabilitation.

If you are not eligible to seek a Certificate of Rehabilitation or you no longer live in the State of California, you can seek a direct pardon. 

As with a Certificate of Rehabilitation, a direct pardon does not expunge your conviction or seal your records.  Further, you must wait at least 10 years after the completion of your sentence (including parole or probation) to seek a direct pardon. 

To seek a direct pardon, you must file an Application for Gubernatorial Pardon. You can download this form from the Governor’s Office website. Once you have completed the form, you can return it to the Governor’s Office for consideration.

Published August 24, 2019. Updated September 21, 2025.

How to Get Off Probation Early – Termination of Probation

If you’ve completed your probation or if it’s causing significant problems or difficulties in your life or job, you might be able to terminate it ahead of schedule.

California judges have the power to grant early termination of probation in criminal cases, and in those cases, the court also has the power to reduce the level of your conviction from a felony or misdemeanor or even expunge your criminal record altogether.

If you’d like to explore early termination of your probation, your best option is to speak with a California criminal defense attorney. Your attorney will examine the specifics of your case to determine whether you might be able to end your probation early.   

How do you get early termination of probation?

California Penal Code 1203.3 PC provides courts with the power to revoke, modify, or change a person’s probation sentence at any time during the term of probation. That means that, if a court believes justice has been sufficiently served and the defendant has shown good conduct and reform, they have the authority to terminate the convict’s probation early.

That said, in most cases, courts prefer that the defendant complete at least 12 months of probation before considering early termination.

When a California court considers an early termination of probation case, they look for two specific criteria:

  1. The defendant has completed the terms of their probation. This can include paying fines, attending required courses or meeting other conditions set forth in the penalty.
  2. There are practical reasons to terminate probation early. This often takes the form of inability to advance at work or find gainful employment due to the probation status.

Benefits of terminating probation early

There are two main benefits to ending your probation early: (1) You reduce the risk of a probation violation, and (2) you may have your criminal record expunged sooner.

While on probation, you may be sentenced to time in jail or prison if you are arrested for any offense, even if you are not convicted. If you’re accused of violating your probation, you won’t be allowed to present a case before a jury and might face punishment at the discretion of a judge.

Finally, expungement of a criminal record removes the conviction from your record and may be crucial in a variety of situations, such as obtaining employment or housing. Expungement might also allow you to get your gun rights back, or relieve you from having to register as a sex offender.

The sooner your probation is terminated, the sooner you can move on with your life.

Hot to terminate your probation early

In order to make a request to end your probation early, the flowing steps should be followed:

1. Hire an attorney – This is one situation where it’s best not to do it yourself. Work with an attorney, who will file your paperwork and present your case to the court. 

2. Your attorney will request a hearing – Your attorney will file a motion for the early termination of probation with the court and request a hearing.

3. The hearing is held – Depending on the circumstances of your case, you might not need to be present at the hearing. Sometimes, your attorney can appear on your behalf, other times it might benefit you (or be required of you) to be present at the hearing.

4. The judge will determine if you’re a good candidate for early termination

How do I ensure my petition is successful?

When determining whether to terminate a defendant’s probation early, the court considers two factors: (1) “good conduct and reform”, and (2) the defendant’s circumstances and potential difficulties.

If the defendant demonstrates “good conduct and reform,” the court may grant an early termination of probation. This usually includes:

  • Demonstrated remorse for past actions
  • No arrests or issues with their criminal record while on probation
  • Fulfilled the terms of their probation, such as fines, restitution, community service and counseling

Next, the court will also consider the defendant’s criminal history, the severity of the offense  and the hardships that the defendant may face as a result of probation. This typically includes difficulty obtaining gainful employment, inability to qualify for a loan and inability to travel for family or employment reasons.

When is the best time to request having my probation terminated?

Courts usually grant probation termination after the defendant has completed some duration of their probation sentence. Commonly, this happens:

  • After at least one year of a probation sentence for a misdemeanor conviction
  • After at least 18 months of a probation sentence for a felony conviction

Can I get my criminal record expunged when I terminate my probation?

In most situations, you may have your criminal record expunged after completing or terminating your probation. Your defense lawyer is likely to request that your case be expunged at the same time as they file a motion to terminate your probation.

If you were convicted of a felony, your attorney can request that the charge be changed to a misdemeanor. If your probation is terminated early, your record will most likely be erased at the same time.

However, you may not be eligible for expungement of your criminal record if either of the following apply:

  • You are currently serving a sentence or are on probation for another criminal offense
  • You are currently facing charges for another criminal offense

If your probation is causing you problems in your personal, professional, or family life, or if you’ve completed the obligations of your sentence, you might be eligible to terminate it early.

Call today for a free case review – 805-273-5611.

Sources

  1. California Penal Code § 1203.3. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=1203.3
  2. California Penal Code § 1203.4. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=1203.4.&lawCode=PEN
  3. 18 U.S. Code § 3563. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/3563

How to Get a Juvenile Record Sealed in Ventura

Many people with juvenile records are unaware that, even after they turn 18, their records are still available to be viewed by employers, school officials, landlords, state licensing agencies and other individuals and institutions that can impact their life and livelihood. However, while your juvenile record won’t automatically be sealed when you turn 18, you can seek a judicial order to have it sealed and destroyed.  

If you have a juvenile record in the state of California, your attorney can assist you in filing a petition to have your record sealed under California Welfare and Institutions Code 781 WIC. The mistakes you made when you were young shouldn’t limit your future opportunities. Having your juvenile record sealed is an important step toward the fresh start that you deserve.

What will sealing your juvenile record do?

“Sealing” your record essentially means that the documents in your file will no longer exist. Arrest reports, exhibits, probation reports, or any other information contained within the file will cease to be public record and will not be available to employers, school officials, or anyone else who may look into your criminal or arrest history. Additionally, you will no longer be required to reveal certain stigmatizing information when asked questions like:

  • Do you have a criminal record? Or,
  • Have you ever been arrested?

Sealing you record means that you will legally be allowed to answer, “no” to the above questions. Additionally, once your record is sealed, you will not be required to disclose that you have a sealed juvenile record.

Who is eligible to have their juvenile record sealed?

Under Welfare and Institutions Code 781 WIC, you are eligible to have your juvenile record sealed if you meet the following criteria: 

  1. Your are at least 18 years of age, or the juvenile court jurisdiction terminated at least five years ago.
  2. There is no pending civil litigation related to the juvenile offenses on your record
  3. The court believes that you have been sufficiently rehabilitated
  4. As an adult, you have not been convicted of any misdemeanor or felony crimes of “moral turpitude” such as sex offenses, drug offenses, or fraud. 

Under California Welfare and Institutions code 707(b), There are certain offenses that, when committed after the age of 14, disqualify you from being able to seal your juvenile record. These offenses include:

  • California violent felony crimes
  • Murder or attempted murder under California Penal Code 187 PC
  • Robbery, Penal Code 211 PC
  • Arson, Penal Code 451 PC
  • California firearms offenses

What is the process for having a juvenile record sealed?

Before undergoing the process of petitioning to have your juvenile record sealed, you first need to hire a criminal defense attorney who can help to determine your eligibility and facilitate the process. The steps to having your juvenile record sealed will most likely unfold as follows:

  1. Your attorney will file a petition with the court to have your record sealed
  2. After receiving your petition, a judge will set a date for your hearing 
  3. There will be a hearing to determine whether your petition will be granted. Your attorney will most likely be allowed to appear at the hearing on your behalf unless the judge specifically requires you to appear.
  4. The judge will either approve or deny your petition
  5. If your petition is approved, all agencies in possession of your juvenile record will be sent an order to seal and destroy them
  6. If your petition is denied, your attorney can file another petition on your behalf at an appropriate time.

On average, the entire process of having a juvenile record sealed takes about eight to ten months. 

Can a sealed juvenile record be reopened?

In most cases, once a juvenile record has been sealed, it won’t be reopened and may even be destroyed. However, under some specific circumstances, a juvenile record might be reopened.

  1. Criminal cases – if a prosecutor has reason to believe that a sealed juvenile record may contain some evidence that would clear someone of guilt for an accuses crime, they may be granted access to reopen the record.
  1. Insurance eligibility –  the California Department of Motor Vehicles may grant access to you sealed juvenile record to insurance adjustors as a means of evaluating your risk and insurance eligibility 
  1. Civil lawsuits – in a civil defamation lawsuit, a juvenile record may be reopened during the proceedings, but will be resealed once the lawsuit has been resolved

Is sealing your juvenile record the same thing as destroying it?

In most cases, a juvenile record is destroyed once it is sealed. However, there are some special cases in which the court may decide that a juvenile record should be retained by the court after it has been sealed. Even in these rare instances, the juvenile record will eventually be destroyed:

  • 5 years after the record has been sealed (if a judge has declared you a ward of the court), OR
  • When you reach 38 years of age

Benefits of sealing your juvenile record

If you’re trying to decide whether you should petition to have your juvenile record sealed, understanding the potential benefits can help you to make that decision. 

While a juvenile record is not the same as a criminal record from convictions obtained as an adult, it does carry with it many of the downsides and potential stigmas. Because juvenile court proceedings are considered criminal proceedings under California law, if you were found guilty of an offense while under the age of 18, you don’t technically have a criminal conviction on your record. This means that you are not legally required to report juvenile convictions when asked about your criminal record. Unfortunately, while it is within your rights not to disclose juvenile convictions as criminal, some potential employers, school officials, or licensing agencies might still consider your lack of disclosure to be dishonest if they later discover that you have an unsealed juvenile record. 

Having your records sealed under WIC 781 can protect you from unfair stigmatization and from having to explain your past mistakes to people who you hope will recognize your current and future potential. 

While the process of petitioning to have your juvenile record sealed might feel daunting (as any type of legal process can), the numerous benefits make the undertaking well worth the time. Your professional, personal, and academic life can all be benefitted by:

  • Not being obligated to disclose any criminal history
  • Not risking discrimination from landlords, employers, or academic officials for having a juvenile record
  • If applicable, no longer being required to register as a sex offender under Penal Code 290 PC due to a juvenile conviction

Perhaps the greatest benefit of sealing your juvenile record will be the sense of relief, freedom, and possibility that you will feel in putting your past mistakes behind you and moving on with a clean slate and a fresh start. Additionally, a good criminal defense attorney will do the hard work for you, making the process feel as easy and hassle-free as possible.

If you live in the Ventura area and are interested in petitioning to have your juvenile record sealed, attorney Robert M. Helfend can help you get started on the process today. As a California criminal defense attorney who has been representing clients in the Ventura and Los Angeles area for over four decades, Mr. Helfend’s extensive legal knowledge and expertise will make the process of sealing your record as smooth and efficient as possible. Now is the perfect time to close the door on your past mistakes and open a new door to a brighter future. Call 805-273-5611 to schedule your free case evaluation.

Sources

  1. California Welfare and Institutions Code § 781. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=WIC&sectionNum=781
  2. California Penal Code § 187. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=187&lawCode=PEN
  3. California Penal Code § 211. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=211&lawCode=PEN
  4. California Penal Code § 451. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=451&lawCode=PEN

References

  1. California Penal Code § 1203.4. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=1203.4&lawCode=PEN
  2. California Penal Code § 29800. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=29800&lawCode=PEN
  3. 18 U.S. Code § 3607. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/3607
  4. 28 CFR § 76.41. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/28/76.41